A 1979 sociological paper explored brujería among Mexican Americans, suggesting the practice originally emerged in response to Catholic attempts to convert indigenous peoples. A law-enforcement primer on occult crime identified brujería as a mix of Catholicism, indigenous herbal lore, and European witchcraft that spread among Mexican Americans in the 1950s. An anthropologist working for the Smithsonian Institution in 1888 noted that his Mexican interpreters referred to Apache ceremonies as brujería.Īnthropologists, sociologists, and even criminologists continued to comment on brujería in the 20th century. In the 1838 novel Mexico Versus Texas, a Mexican soldier describes his enemy’s work as brujería. In the 19th century, brujería appears in English works describing contact between English speakers and Spanish speakers in Texas, Mexico, and the southwestern United States. While their exact origins are unclear, bruja/o are traditionally derived from the Catalan bruxia, in use in the Middle Ages and whose roots may be Celtic or Iberian. In Spanish, brujería names the craft practiced by a bruja (witch) or brujo (warlock).
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